The Process Of Time Table Construction Computer Science Essay

The Process Of Time Table Construction Computer Science Essay The process of time-table construction can prove to be a hectic task considering the number of cohorts [courses] and the modules [subjects] offered by a specific university. This is mainly because, there could be a deadlock in allotment of the schedule considering all the constraints to be satisfied .This requires logical thinking which definitely consumes a large amount of time. Moreover, identification of the inconsistencies and their respective solutions can prove to be disastrous. Initially , the task of time table scheduling was done manually .This proved to be troublesome ,error-prone and time consuming .To overcome these problems , automated exam time-table generation has come to light. With a wider range of choices available to the students in the selection of modules [ subjects ] and cohorts [ courses] of their choice , the flexibility of the University improves but at the same time , the task of time-table creation becomes merely complicated .However , a software which can consider all the constraints and cross faculty modules [latter includes the modules taken by students from various faculties]as well , is of immense help. Thus ,the scientific society has given considerable attention to automated time-table generation from the last four decades .One of the most primitive ones used the concepts of one or more of the following operational methodologies network flow techniques reduction to graph coloring integer programming direct heuristics and more The latest technology uses advanced techniques like expert systems which work on the concept of artificial intelligence, logic programming which uses languages like Prolog, constraint logic programming and generic evolutionary algorithms .However , there is no universally accepted language for time-table creation. Several attempts have been made to formulate one but these are left incomplete. In this software , the constraint satisfaction is 99% .Moreover , the interface developed is use friendly where in the user doesnt have to enter the names of the cohorts and modules which he wishes to opt for as he can just select the same from the drop down lists . WHAT IS CONSTRAINT SATISFACTION? Constraint satisfaction was first introduced in artificial intelligence .This is a logical problem solving language merged with a programming language which is used to solve a given problem with a specific set of constraints. This deals with the assignment of certain values to the variables while meeting certain conditions. It is represented as a set of variables Xi and a set of constraints Ci where each constraint specifies a subset of variables and an allowable combination of these. In this project some of the main constraints which are to be considered are as below: Students belonging to different cohorts but studying a common module must have the exam on the same day. No two modules of the same cohorts can have their respective exams on the same day One of the soft constraints is that no two exams of the same cohort must be on the same day Thus, these are satisfied before the software is deployed .The techniques used in constraint satisfaction are purely dependent on the constraints. Constraints specific to a finite domain are solved using search strategies in the form of backtracking or local search. Constraint propagation is yet another technique which is used but however is sometimes incomplete. That is it either solves the problem or proves and declares it unsatisfiable .These methods are combined with the search strategies to simplify the process. There are many constraint programming libraries which can be included in this project. Since Java is the platform we develop the project on, Choco is an appropriate library which can be easily used with Java programming .it is an event based propagating system with backtrack structures. More on Choco is discussed in the later sections on the report. BRUTE FORCE TECHNIQUE: Brute force technique is a process of finding the result by taking all the possible inputs i.e., a trial and error process. If a taken Input yields the correct result then it is treated as the correct input. If not then it goes for the next input until we get the correct result. We can consider knapsack problem as an example of a brute force technique. Knapsack problem generally means a bag which should be filled with weights that should yield maximum profit. The most implicit constraint of knapsack problem is to maximize profit with minimum weight. Let us say there a four types of materials as follows gold , silver , platinum and bronze with profit values of 1000,10,2000 and 5 and weights of 2,3,4,5 .Thief want more profit with his minimum capacity bag let us say it can fit 5.So he applies the brute force technique to get maximum profit.First he fills the bag with gold which weights 2 and then goes for silver which weights 3 here the bag is full and yielding the profit of 1000+10=1010. Now he tries of another combination i.e., he selects platinum which weights 4 and now the rest of the bag is only one so he can select the  ½ part of gold which weights 1 thus the bag is filled with yielding 2000+500=2500 .In this manner different combinations are tried until the max profit is yielded. CHAPTER 2 Aims and Objectives The manual process of generating exam timetable by taking all constraints into consideration is very much time taking and difficult process. So the main aim of this project is to build a software tool to create exam timetables for a university or a school and the application should be user friendly and should satisfy all the constraints. The brief explanation of this is as follows: First analyze the manual process in developing exam time table that is following in schools and universities. This analysis helps us in developing the software tool. After analyzing the manual process we should make a list of all possible constraints which should be satisfied by the developed system. We should identify all the constraints that should be satisfied by our developed system and we should analyze them which is helpful in developing the software product. To gain an understanding of constraint satisfaction tool like choco which we are using in the development process. The developed product should be user friendly, so that user can use the system easily. In AUTOMATED EXAM TIME TABLE product the user should input the cohort name and module name. Instead of typing the entire cohort and module name we should put a dropdown list where user selects from it. By this we can eliminate the incorrect typing. The developed product should satisfy constraints like two exams of the same year of both semesters should not be on the same day. Every student should get their exams on alternate days only. All such type of major constraints should be satisfied by our product. MOTIVATION: Most of the people are interested in playing chess. By playing chess we can improve our concentration power. We have an idea of creating code for playing chess. As chess is played by two players one player is automated and another player plays manually. Here constraint satisfaction is used because there are certain conditions like elephant should have only straight moves, soldier should have one step straight move etc., we have to design our code by satisfying these conditions. Our program is used by the player in the absence of his partner. This player makes use of graphical user interface to opt his plots against other player which makes use of our code. So here artificial intelligence is used. This idea motivated us for designing automated examination time tabling software. FEATURES: Exams are scheduled such that no two exams are overlapped for the same student. Students are informed in case of any changes in the examination schedule like postponement, or preponement etc. User can save data so that he can view the application if he reopens it again. Students are allotted examination halls in a proper way so that a single student is not allotted in two different rooms. Proper allotment of staff in examination halls. Student can post his problems regarding exams. User can add modules to this software if they are relevant to this software. KEY TECHNIQUES JAVA PROGRAMMING JAVA is the language which has many features like multithreading, platform dependent, simple, robust, object oriented etc. Java is portable and performance levels of it are too high. Java concepts are very simple and understandable. Exceptions are also perfectly managed by Java. Database connectivity, GUI, IO packages is the main concepts due to which we go for java programming. CONSTRAINT SATISFACTION PROGRAMMING USING CHOCO CHOCO is a java library which is mainly used for constraint satisfaction. CHOCO is based on events which have the capability of backtracking. It can be used for many purposes like teaching, researching etc. So by using this constraint satisfaction programming we can develop the exam time table perfectly. ORACLE DATABASE FOR DATA STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL Database is a collection of entities. Data is a collection of similar raw information. Data is represented with the help of views or tables. View is not a physical entity. It is the representation for shadow of tables. Oracle database is mainly used for data storage and retrieval. That is data is stored in a place and in future if we want that data we can easily retrieve it. For developing the exam timetable in a university the above three key techniques are very very important and by using these techniques only the development processing of timetable can be done perfectly. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS There are two types of system requirements software and hardware. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS Based on the operating system many things may depend. So selection of operating system plays very important role. WINDOWS XP operating system is the most appropriate operating system for software requirements of developing exam timetable. Oracle 10g relational database management system is also one of the software requirements. For developing the JAVA code My Eclipse Tool is the most suitable software requirement. For constraint satisfaction programming the preferred version is CHOCO 2.1.0. These are the minimum and most important software requirements for developing exam time table. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS The processor required is Pentium 111 processor with 800MHz. Oracle database 10g and Java code developing tool must be on run mode at the same time so 1GB RAM is required. 20GB HDD also required as hardware requirement. These are the minimum and most important hardware requirements for developing exam time table. CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM ANALYSIS Existing System: The timetable management of a university was initially done normally by using some primitive methods and algorithms. The planning is made by a group of people and the timetable is fixed after certain negotiations. The university needs to set the timetable for each and every student separately and then finalize the whole timetable. The Timetable that is prepared by the Examination department of that institution needs to be sent in atleast 45 days advance to all the departments of the university and concerned affiliated colleges also. There are some issues regarding the timetable preparation. They are The students belonging to different departments will have the subjects related to their course. The subjects may be in common for certain branches. So the timetable designer needs to have a proper idea regarding the date and time of the examinations making sure that the same subject to different departments is conducted on the same day and at the same time. This reduces the extra effort for preparing different sets of question papers and ensuring the same complexity of the paper. A subject may be completed in advance by certain departments and there might be certain students who had failed that certain subject. The students who have failed in the regular examinations are given a chance for writing the supplementary examinations in the next semester. There is a chance of anomaly that the regular examination of the current semester and the supplementary examination for the previous semester may fall on the same day and same time. So the timetable adjustment must be flexible in such a way that no student misses any of the examinations. The regular student needs to have at least a day gap in between the examinations so that he can get ample amount of time for preparation for the next examination. The availability of the invigilators also needs to be checked before scheduling a particular examination. The staff members who are not assigned any class work at that time are to be taken and the schedule for a particular staff is to be prepared. The subject that is opted by maximum number of students is to be held as the first examination itself. The reason behind this is that, if the subject that is opted by maximum number of students is conducted at the last then there would be a problem in validating the answer scripts. So overcoming all the above mentioned issues is a hectic task. The timetable designer needs to have an idea regarding all those issues. The time taken by an individual to overcome all the above issues may take a few months of time. Proposed System: The proposed system of timetable management is rather a key solution for all the above mentioned issues. It gains its importance in eliminating the potential risks that are involved in the process. We can give certain number of constraints as the input and the schedule is prepared considering the constraints. The software is flexible enough for the users to enter the starting and the ending date of the examinations, the names of the students and their respective departments are present in the database and the details are retrieved accordingly. The result of the examination is automatically stored in the database for the preparation of the next semesters timetable. The proposed system is considerably quicker and more efficient. CHAPTER 4 SOFTWARE TOOLS DISCUSSION 1.CONSTRAINT SATISFACTION: We have a lot of constraints which need to be imposed and satisfied in our project. Basically CONSTRAINT SATISFACTION can be defined as the process of finding a solution to a set of constraints that impose conditions for which the variables must satisfy. In general terms, a solution is the set of variables that satisfies all the constraints.This can also be defined as the outcome of constraint satisfaction 2. CONSTRAINT SATISFACTION PROBLEM(CSP): A CONSTRAINT SATISFACTION PROBLEM(CSP) is defined by a set of variables each having a specific domain and also a set of constraints each involving a set of variables. These constraints restrict the values that the variables can take. A CSP performs these two tasks simultaneously. Now coming to the solution to CSP, it is just an assignment that maps every defined variable to a value. There may be cases where you may want to find just one solution, all possible solutions or an optimal solution based on the given objective function in terms of variables. A general constraint problem consists of the following: A set of variables A={a1,a2,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.an} For each variable ai, a finite domain set Di of its possible values. D={D(a1),D(a2),à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.D(an)}. A set of constraints to restrict the values that the variables can take. C={C1,C2,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Cj}. 3. CONSTRAINTS SOLVER: Now we need a constraint satisfaction tool to solve the considered constraints. This tool can be combined with any other programming languages like C,C++,JAVA etc. This tool is nothing but the constraint satisfaction libraries . As we move on with the java programming in our project, different constraint satisfaction java libraries available are given below: Choco JaCop Qstudio Avaya Aptana JCL Koalog From above mentioned java libraries, we use choco in this project. Choco is based on an event based propagation mechanism with an additional feature of backtracking structures which adds to its supremacy. This gives clear difference between modeling and solving a problem. 4. CHOCO: Choco is an open source software implemented in java program that is widely used for constraint programming and constraint satisfaction. General Features: Choco provides problem modeler that handles a variety of variable types that are integer variables real variables that holds an interval of floats. expressions using variables with the many operators like +, -, /, * and etc. Chocos modeler supports 70 constraints some of them are listed below Arithmetical constraints (integers or real): equal, not equal, greater or equal, less or equal. Refined constraints i .e Boolean operations between constrains. It will verify the relation for a set of variables by defining the sets of tuples in the table constraints. Constraint Programming Solver: Constraint programming solver provides The different types of various domains implementations will be done (enumerated, bounded, integer variables). For constraint propagation several algorithms were implemented (parameterized cumulative, full and bound all different, state-of-the-art AC algorithms for table constraints) Chocos Design: Chocos design provides clear separation between modeling and solving. In the modeling the problem will be expressed and variables and relations are defined. The verification for variable constraints for their potential implementation is done. The API is provided that facilitates how to state a problem as user friendly. In the solving phase, the problem solving is done by Constraint Programming and related information is provided. It handles specific memory management for variables and tree-based search. 5. JAVA: We use choco constraint java library to build the tool. By embedding choco java library with the java programming we create the required exam timetabling tool. Java provides us many features which augments security and has many advantages: Java is designed in such a way that you can easily write the code and debug the code. Java uses the concepts of automatic memory allocation and garbage collection. As java is an object-oriented programming language, it allows objects to work together. The code written in java is reusable. Java is platform independent. This is developed by keeping security in mind. Java augments todays web with security and reliability. Because of these features we use java programming in our project. But we need an INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT(IDE) to develop a java application. Lots of IDEs are available. In this project EXAM TIMETABLING with CONSTRAINT SATISFACTIO we use MyEclipse IDE. 6. MyEclipse IDE: MyEclipse is a commercially available JAVA EE and AJAX IDE. This is created and maintained by the company GENUITEC. This is built on the eclipse platform. This integrates proprietary and open solutions into the development environment. MyEclipse incorporates open standard technologies to provide a development environment for J2EE, XML, UML and databases. This is an open source IDE to which you can add external jars. MyEclipse allows you to save the valuable time on debugging environment. By using MyEclipse, it is easy to edit and debug the environment. MyEclipse comes with two versions: a professional and a standard edition. The standard edition adds various tools and a number of other features to the basic Eclipse Java Developer version. CHAPTER 5 SYSTEM DESIGN The development process of the Automated Exam Timetabling tool for a University, we use Choco 2.1.0 version which is implemented using Java Programming. The different tasks which are going to be implemented in the process of developing this application are Designing Graphical User Interface(GUI). Data Calculations. Timetable. Choco tool for Constraint Satisfaction. Step1: Designing Graphical User Interface (GUI) This process includes only Graphical User Interface part, that consists buttons, Tables, Dropdown lists and etc. These controls are arranged in the proper order to display them. Look and feel will be implemented in this process. Step 2: Data Calculations Data Calculations part consists of code which results the final output for the Schedule of Exam Timetable. Here we implement the code with logic that works like selection of exams to be held in alternative days. Here we consider all exams of particular course and prepares a logic for Exam Timetable that includes Supplementary and Regular Exams. Step 3: Timetable Timetable process involves in the creation of a schedule that sets the examinations are allocated into venues with limited capacities within an examination period. This includes the following methods. We cannot schedule a session where one student cannot taken two examinations in the same session. The venues capacity should not exceed from the total number of candidates writing the exam in a schedule. Step 4: ChocoSolver ChocoSolver is a java library for constraint programming and constraint satisfaction. Choco will define all the variables of time tabling problem that includes the Constraint Definitions Candidate Information Venue Information Examination information Exam Session particulars. User has to enter constraints and changes to the exams related to the particular exam or venue. Defining the Constraints This program will allow the users to define all necessary constraints according to the exams. The different duration should be separated for all examinations . The examination time and venue of a particular batch should be held in particular date. Venue Partitioning This process considers the number of faculties and venues. Invigilators are allocated to particular venue for the examinations. User interface is provided for the assignment and manipulation of venue partitions to the faculties. In venue partitioning the following points are considered in the Choco Solver The number of students in a venue should not exceed more than the capacity. The sufficient invigilators should be allocated for the each examination hall. The attendance sheet should be provided to the invigilators to confirm the candidate is attended or not. PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED AND THEIR PROPOSED SOLUTIONS: Scheduling an exam time table is very difficult and time taking task because there are many constraints that should be satisfied for ex: at least one day gap should be there in between two exams so that student gets time to revise, there should not be any other exam on the same day which collides with the present exam, room allocation, staff allocation, invigilator allocation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Etc. All this problems are solved in this project, this project saves a lot of time, this helps to schedule exam time table in more user friendly manner. Proposed System: In this project user can add any module to any cohort by using dropdown menus. Mostly we are not sure about the starting date of exams, but in this application user have chance to select the starting date of examinations. Sometimes same module may be shared by some cohorts. In this case we are going to create new time table for the module shared by different cohorts on the same day. So that time can be saved and number of invigilators can be reduced. Some student may have supplementary exams. This supplementary exam and regular exam should not be on the same day or on the consecutive days. Separate schedule is created for these supplementary exams or those should be held with next intake students. This application allows user to add modules to a cohort by using drop down menus. The user can also make changes to the selected modules list. As per the date, schedule and cohort selected by user examination time table is created. As the user is allowed to choose options from drop down list provided, problems that occur due to typing mistakes can be decreased. Application development and deployment: The steps involved in the development and deployment of application involve Formulating the data interpretation scheme that is sufficient to handle all the requirements of the problem converting all data available to data interpretation scheme Next step is developing the scheduling algorithm that is used to schedule the exams. The application should support the numerous last minute changes during its development and deployment easily. Application Uses: The following are the benefits of Automated Exam Timetabling The initial implementation of program requires a lot of time for data entry and constraint specification. We can reuse the database of previous exams for next exams. Assuming that the constraints are specified correctly, the application should produce the schedule that is conflict free. We can schedule the exam timetable in a short span of time. We can make last minute changes in a short span of time. Shortening the exam period can make the expenses spend on conducting the exams (such as buildings, staff, etc.,) come down. The application benefits from its three tier architecture design. Conclusion: Automated Exam Timetabling software is used to schedule the university exam time table. This is reduces time and complexity involved in scheduling the exam time table manually. This document explains about the space and time complexity involved in scheduling the exam. The application developed is user friendly and it is used to give a graphical look and feel to the user for accessing and entering the information. Automated Exam Timetabling provides all the features that are required for scheduling the exam time table. Implementation of this software at different universities reduces the cost in terms of money and time. Future Uses: Automated Exam timetabling can be extended to schedule the university class time table and school time table School Timetabling: This application is used for scheduling the timetables for weekly classes at higher schools. University Timetabling: This application is used for scheduling the lectures of students of different modules in a university such that they prevent students and lecturers from double booking.

Gullivers Travels Part One :: essays research papers

Gulliver’s Travels Part One The first part of this novel, which consists of chapters 1-8,is very interesting and should keep the readers attention. It starts off telling of young Gulliver’s childhood. It mentions three years at college, and his dreams of being a sailor. After his brief time at school he become an apprentice to Mr. James Bates. After explaining the early years of Gulliver’s life the author begins to tell about a few of Gulliver’s voyages at sea. Eventually returning home, Gulliver spent three years at home with his family. While Gulliver was at home he started a business which soon failed. Soon after this he accepts an offer to be the surgeon upon a ship named The Antelope captained by William Prichard. On the 5th of November 1699, during his voyage on The Antelope, his ship hit a rock that was hidden by the dense fogs of the morning. Luckily he and a few of his shipmates managed to lower a lifeboat and clear the wreckage. Eventually the crew became exhausted by the hard work of paddling and the lifeboat was eventually overturned by the bad weather. Gulliver swam for almost three English miles until he reached a point in the water he could walk. Walking for what seemed to be along time he eventually made it to shore on a tropical island and immediately went to sleep. Upon his awakening, Gulliver found himself tied to the ground and surrounded by thousands of soldiers. They were no more than six inch’s tall and armed with bow and arrows, and spears. After weeks of imprisonment he became friends with the Lilliputians. After they gave him his liberty he agreed to capture a fleet of 500 man-of-war battle ships.

Patients With Neurologic Dysfunction Health And Social Care Essay

Keshin Himura is a 42-year-old patient diagnosed with pituitary prolactinoma, a benign tumour that arises from the pituitary secretory organ, ensuing in a lessening in libido and powerlessness and increased milk production of the chest. The patient besides has ailments of concern and sleepiness and the presence of ocular field alterations and papilledema preoperatively.What postoperative attention should the nurse provide the patient?The nurse should supply the undermentioned postoperative attention to the patient: Evaluate joke physiological reaction and ability to get down Offer semisoft diet Perform neurologic cheques Monitor critical marks Maintain neurologic flow chart Reorient patient when necessary to individual, clip and topographic point If with ictuss, carefully proctor and and protect from hurt Check motor map at intervals Assess for centripetal perturbations Evaluate addressThe patient ‘s household asks the nurse how will they cognize that the jobs the patient had before surgery have stopped ; what is the nurse ‘s best response?Through observation, carry oning series of trial that will be provided by the doctor ( e.g. MRI, CT scans ) to look into if the tumours are already diminished, because presence of tumour will still suppress the marks and symptoms of the upset. The primary aim of the surgical intercession is to take or destruct the full tumour without increasing the neurologic shortage and to alleviate symptoms by decompression. And if there is no grounds of tumour, the normal degrees of endocrine would return in usual, the patient will no longer see the symptoms of the disease.What direction schemes should the nurse anticipate will be ordered to care for diabetes insipidus if it occurs?The aim of the therapy is: To replace ADH To guarantee equal fluid replacing To rectify the implicit in intracranial job ( pituitary prolactinoma ) A unstable want trial is ordered by the doctor to corroborate for the diagnosing of diabetes insipidus by: keep backing fluids by 8 to 12 hours Patient is weighed often during the trial Plasma and urine osmolality surveies are performed at the beginning and terminal of the trial. The inability to increase the specific gravitation and osmolality of the piss is an indicant of Diabetes insipidus Pharmacologic Therapy Administer Desmopressin ( DDAVP ) intranasally, BID as ordered Nursing Management Establish baseline informations ( weight, BP, I/O spiel ) , Monitor BP and weight often throughout therapy and study sudden alterations to physician Monitor I/O and specific gravitation and serum osmolality as ordered If patient has Coronary arteria disease, utilize this drug with cautiousness as this drug causes vasoconstriction Avoid concentrated fluids as this addition piss volumeWhat discharge instructions should the nurse provide the patient and household?Most patients will pass at least one dark in the intensive attention unit ( ICU ) and so typically 2 or 3 extra darks on a regular ( non-ICU ) ward after surgery The patient will probably hold some incisional hurting and mild to chair concern for which he will be given pain medicine. A CT scan or MRI will be ordered before discharge Ask patient to return 2-3weeks after surgery Inform patient to return 2-3months after 1st check-up Inform household to watch out for marks of DI ( intense thirst, frequent micturition ) . Refer instantlyManagement of Patients with Neurologic DysfunctionA ACase Study 2Hiehachi Nishima, a 22-year-old patient who weighs 150 lbs, nowadayss to the exigency section ( ED ) after being thrown from his Equus caballus and go throughing out for a few proceedingss ; he regained consciousness. The friend who was besides siting a Equus caballus called the squad. The patient presented with a GCS of 15, and the neuro test was within normal bounds ( WNL ) . The ED physician wrote the orders for a CT scan without contrast of the caput, CBC, nephritic and metabolic profile, PT, PTT, and INR. The nurse sent the labs and had the IV of NS at keep-open rate per ED protocol hanging. The nurse was expecting radiology to name for the patient to travel for the CT when the patient had an epileptic call, became unconscious, stiffened his full organic structure, and so had violent musculus contractions. The re spirations are really shallow, and the lips and nail bed became bluish. The patient lost control of vesica and intestine. The patient spot his lingua and blood is coming from the oral cavity. The radiology section calls and is ready for the patient.List in the right order the actions that should be taken by the nurse.Before and during a ictus, the patient is assessed and the undermentioned points are documented: The fortunes before the ictus The happening of aura The first thing the patient does in the ictus – where motions or stiffness Begins, conjugate regard place, place of caput The type of motions in the portion of the organic structure involved The countries of the organic structure involved The size of the students and whether the eyes are unfastened Whether the eyes or the caput are turned to one side The presence or absence of automatisms Incontinence of piss or stool Unconsciousness and its continuance Any obvious palsy or failing of weaponries or legs after the ictus Inability to talk after the ictus Motions at the terminal of the ictus Whether or non the patient slumbers or non afterwards Cognitive position after the ictus In add-on to supplying informations about the ictus, nursing attention is directed at forestalling hurt and back uping the patient non merely physically but besides psychologically. Consequences such as anxiousness, embarrassment, weariness, and depression can be lay waste toing to the patient. After the patient has a ictus, the nurse ‘s function is to document the events taking to and happening during and after the ictus to forestall complications.Explain what type of ictus the patient is holding, and depict the three stages of the patient ‘s ictus and the specific nursing attention for each phase.The patient had a tonic-clonic ( gran mal ) ictus. There are three stages viz. the aura, the quinine water and the clonic stage. In the aura stage is the premonition of an epileptic onslaught. It characterized by episodes of Deja vu or Jamais vu. The client may besides hold auditory, olfactory, or even ocular hallucinations, unnatural gustatory sensations, and prickling esthesiss. Physical symptoms include giddiness, concern, dizziness, sickness, numbness. Though in this instance, the client did non demo marks of the aura stage. *Nsg Mgt: Provide privateness and protect the patient from funny looker-ons Patients who have an aura may hold clip to seek a safe, private topographic point Ease the patient to the floor, if possible Loosen constricting vesture Push aside any furniture that may wound the patient during a ictus If an aura precedes the ictus, insert an unwritten air passage to cut down the possibility of the patient ‘s seize with teething the lingua The following is the tonic stage. It is normally the shortest portion of the ictus, enduring non more than merely a few seconds. In this instance, it is when the patient had an epileptic call, became unconscious and stiffened his full organic structure. *Nsg Mgt: Protect the caput with a tablet to forestall hurt from striking a difficult surface If the patient is in bed, take pillows and raise side tracks The last is the clonic stage. It is when the client had violent musculus contractions, really shallow respirations, the lips and nail beds became bluish, lost control of vesica and intestine and seize with teeth his lingua. *Nsg Mgt: Do non try to prise unfastened jaws that are clenched in a cramp or to infix anything. Broken dentition and hurt to the lips and lingua may ensue from such an action. No effort should be made to keep the patient during the ictus because muscular contractions are strong and restraint can do hurt If possible, place the patient on one side with caput flexed frontward, which allows the lingua to fall frontward and facilitates drainage of spit and mucous secretion. If suction is available, utilize if necessary to clear secernments.The ED physician orders the followers: Valium ( Valium ) 10 milligram every 10 to 15 proceedingss prn for ictuss ( maximal dosage of 30 milligram ) . Once seizures halt, administer Dilantin ( diphenylhydantoin ) 10 mg/kg IVPB. ECG monitoring continuously, VS, GCS, neuro cheques every 30 proceedingss. Explain what meds the nurse should supply, in what order, and how they should be administered.The nurse should supply Valium injection ( Valium ) 10 milligram IM PRN every 10 to 15 mins. ( max 30mg ) for his ictus to relief the musculus cramp. For the long term alleviation, administer Dilantin ( diphenylhydantoin ) 10 mg/kg IVPB lading dose STAT, one time the ictuss stop. Dilantin ( diphenylhydantoin ) is an anti-seizure medicine ( anticonvulsant ) , parti cularly to forestall tonic-clonic ( expansive mal ) ictuss and complex partial ictuss ( psychomotor ictuss ) .We use piggyback to administrate different IV drugs at different times. Dilantin can do crossness to the venas and can do serious tissue and/or nervus harm if it infiltrates. So we should administrate it with normal saline. Pull up the drugs in a syringe and attach it to the piggyback port on the IV tube cassette, which is run at the same time with the primary IV fluid ( normal saline ) . Run it easy and maintain an oculus on the ECG proctor. This ECG monitoring should be done continuously to assist place irregular pulses. For the critical marks, Glasgow coma graduated table and neuro V/S, it should be look into every 30 proceedingss to supply dependable, nonsubjective manner of entering the witting province of a individual for initial every bit good as subsequent appraisal.Group AssignmentsHave each member reference nursing direction related to caring for an unconscious pat ient. Preventing Urinary Retention Palpate vesica at intervals to find whether urinary keeping is present If patient is non invalidating, an indwelling catheter is inserted and connected to a closed drainage system as ordered Observe for febrility and cloudy piss for infection Observe the country around the urethral opening for any drainage Equally shortly as consciousness is regained, a bladder-training plan initiated Promote Bowel Function Assess venters for dilatation by listening for intestine sounds ( irregular rippling sounds should be heard every 5-20sec ) Measuring the girth of the venters with a tape step. Proctor for the figure and consistence of intestine motions Perform rectal scrutiny for marks of faecal impaction as ordered. Stool softeners may be prescribed and can be administered with tubing eatings Glycerin suppository may be indicated to ease intestine emptying May require clyster every other twenty-four hours to empty lower colon Maintain Skin and Joint Integrity Monitor force per unit area countries for possible ulcerations Establish a regular agenda of turning to avoid force per unit area, which can do breakdown and mortification of the tegument This provides kinaesthetic, proprioceptive and vestibular stimulation Avoid dragging and drawing the patient up in the bed, because this creates a shearing force and clash on the tegument surface Maintain correct organic structure place Passive exercising of the appendages is of import to forestall contractures Splints or foam boots may be used to forestall foot bead and force per unit area of bedding on the toes Trochanter axial rotations may be used to back up the hip articulations and maintain the legs in proper alliance Supplying Mouth Care Inspect oral cavity for waterlessness, redness, and crusting Cleanse and rinse oral cavity carefully to take secernments and crusts and to maintain the mucose membranes moist Administer petroleum jelly on the lips to forestall drying, checking and incrustations. If patient has an endotracheal tubing, the tubing should be moved to the opposite side of the oral cavity and lips Perform everyday tooth brushing every 8hrs to diminish ventilator-associated pneumonia Keeping the Airway Promote the caput of bed to 30 grades to forestall aspiration. Topographic point the client in sidelong place to let the jaw and lingua to fall frontward to advance drainage of secernments. Suction for secernments as needed Maintain unwritten hygiene Chest physical therapy and postural drainage to advance pneumonic hygiene Auscultate the patient ‘s thorax every 8 hours to measure for any deviated breath sounds. If the patient has a mechanical ventilator, maintain the patency of the endotracheal tubing or tracheotomy, supply unwritten attention, monitor arterial blood gas measurings and keeping ventilator scenes. Protecting the Patient Raise side rails up every bit ever to forestall hurt Ensure the patient ‘s self-respect during altered LOC, talking to the client during nursing attention activities. Keeping Fluid Balance and Managing Nutritional Needs Assess tegument turgor and mucose membrane for waterlessness Monitor for consumption and end product and find the demands for catheterisation Continuing Corneal Integrity Patient ‘s eyes may be cleansed with cotton balls moistened with unfertile normal saline to take any discharge. For unreal cryings ( prescription by the doctor ) , may present every 2 hours. Keeping Body Temperature The environment can be adjusted ( depending on the patient ‘s status ) to advance normal organic structure temperature. If body temperature is elevated, a minimal sum of bedclothes is used. For geriatric patients and does n't hold any elevated temperature, a heater environment is needed. Supplying Centripetal Stimulation Communicate with patient, and promote the household members to make it so. Orient the patient to clip, day of the month, and topographic point one time for every 8 hours. Have each group member develop a nursing diagnosing related to a patient with an altered degree of consciousness. Identify possible jobs and complications related to the nursing diagnosing.Nursing DiagnosisPotential Problems and Complications1. Ineffective airway clearance related to altered degree of consciousness Aspiration 2. Hazard for impaired tegument unity related to prolonged stationariness Bed sore Pressure ulceration 3. Impaired Urinary riddance: keeping related to impairment in neurologic detection and control Bladder dilatation Infection Formation of rocks 4. Impaired tissue unity of cornea related to decrease or remove corneal physiological reaction Periorbital hydrops Ulcers Corneal scratchs 5. Deficient fluid volume related to inability to take fluids by oral cavity Dehydration Cerebral hydrops 6. Interrupted household processes related to alterations in the cognitive and physical position of their loved 1 Crisis Severe anxiousness, denial, choler, compunction, heartache, and rapprochement 7. Hazard for hurt related to decreased LOC Fallss 8. Ineffective thermoregulation related to damage to hypothalamic centre Hyperthermia 9. Impaired unwritten mucose membrane related to talk external respiration, absence of guttural physiological reaction and altered fluid intake Dryness Inflammation Crusting 10. Bowel incontinency related to impairment neurologic detection and control Abdominal dilatation Diarrhea Frequent loose stools As a group, place possible complications that may originate in the postoperative stage of cranial surgery. Increased ICP Monro-Kellie hypothesis provinces that, because of the limited infinite for enlargement within the skull, an addition in any one of the constituents causes a alteration in the volume of the others.because encephalon tissue has limited infinite to spread out, compensation typically is accomplished by displacing or switching CSF, increasing the soaking up or decreasing the production of CSF, or diminishing intellectual volume ensuing to an addition ICP. Bleeding and hypovolaemic daze An accretion of blood under the bone flap ( epidural, subdural, or intracerebral haematoma ) may present a menace to life. A coagulum must be suspected in any patient who does non rouse as expected or whose conditions deteriorates. Fluid and electrolyte perturbations IV solutions and blood constituent therapy for patients with intracranial conditions must be administered easy. If they are administered excessively quickly, they can increase ICP. The measure of fluids administered may be restricted to minimise the possibility of intellectual hydrops. Infection The hazard of infection is great when ICP is monitored with an intraventricular catheter and increases with the continuance of the monitoring. Seizures Underliing cause is an electrical perturbation in the nervus cells in one subdivision of the encephalon. An unnatural motor, sensory, autonomic, or physical activity that consequence from sudden inordinate discharge from intellectual nerve cells. Have each group member place a type of ictus. Describe clinical manifestations, diagnosing, and intervention of each.Generalized Seizures:This are seizures that chiefly involves electrical charges in the whole encephalon, its clinical manifestations includes loss of consciousness for a short or long period of clip.Types of SeizureClinical Manifestationâ€Å" Grand Mal † or Generalized tonic-clonicUnconsciousness Paroxysms Muscle rigidnessAbsenceShort loss of unconsciousnessMyoclonicIrregular jerked meat motionsClonicInsistent jerked meat motionsTonicMuscle stiffness and rigidnessAtonicLoss of musculus tone Diagnosis: Physical scrutiny peculiarly neurologic scrutiny Electroencephalogram For impermanent and reversible causes of ictuss: Blood chemical science Blood sugar Complete Blood Count Cerebrospinal fluid analysis Kidney map trial Liver map trials Trial to find the cause and location: EEG ( electroencephalograph ) to mensurate the electrical activity in the encephalon Head CT or MRI scan Lumbar puncture-spinal pat Treatment: When a ictus occurs, protect the individual from hurt, make the environment safe for you and the patient. Protect the patient ‘s caput Loosen tight vesture Put the patient into a side-lying place if vomiting occurs Stay with patient until she or he is to the full recovered Monitor the patient ‘s critical marks Medicines such as antiepileptics may be given as ordered to cut down the figure of future ictuss. The DO N'T ‘s During Seizures: Do n't keep the patient Do n't put anything between the patient ‘s dentition during a ictus Do n't travel the patient unless he or she is in danger or near something risky Do n't seek to halt the patient from convulsing.Partial Seizures:This are seizures that chiefly involves electrical charges in one portion of the encephalon, its clinical manifestations includes unnatural musculus motions, automatisms, unnatural esthesiss, hallucinations, sickness, perspiration, dilated students, rapid bosom rate and pulsation rate, alterations in vision.Types of SeizureClinical ManifestationSimple( consciousness is integral ) Jerky motions Muscle rigidness, cramp Unusual esthesis Memory and emotional perturbationComplex( consciousness is impaired ) Automatisms: lip slap, masticating, walking and insistent involuntary and coordinated motions Diagnosis: CT scan Magnetic resonance imaging Electroencephalogram EEG-video recordings Treatment: Vagus Nerve Stimulation in which a little battery is implanted in the chest wall which will plan to present short explosions of energy to the encephalon. Corpus Callosotomy is a type of surgical intercession that will cut the connexions between the two sides of the encephalon that will forestall bead attacks.. Multiple sub-pial transection which is a surgical technique that will cut a certain connexion between nervus cells.

A Utopia By George Orwell - 1477 Words

Many characteristics of the society that americans live in now demonstrate a utopia, therefore, they also demonstrate a dystopia. A utopia is a perfect world in which there are no problems like war, disease, poverty, oppression, discrimination, inequality, and more universal problems existing. A dystopia is a world in which nothing is perfect. Problems are extreme things are dysfunctional and problematic. A utopia does not turn into a dystopia until the people living in that society do not live authentic lives. Until they become conscious they will never rebel, and until after they have rebelled they cannot become conscious† (Orwell 72). This quote shows that the people in the society of a dystopia often do not even realize they are not living in an ideal society. A utopia turns into a dystopia when the members of society are unaware that they have little control over themselves and their well being. Freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two make four. If that is granted, all else follows† (Orwell 84). If people can say what they want and feel, then they are not living in a dystopia. My real life utopia, Drop City, refused to have a leader. A utopia will stay a utopia until the people do not have the freedoms that they believe that they have, at which point the utopia becomes a dystopia. In many dystopian fictions, if not all dystopian fictions, there is a strong central government. This has to do with the time periods in which the stories are written. 1984,Show MoreRelatedA Utopia By George Orwell1993 Words   |  8 Pagesworking towards perfection with an end goal of achieving a utopia. However, the end goal may never be reached because after all, most utopias become dystopias. Utopias are meant to be impeccable societies with perfect life and people. The downfall is that the quality of flawlessness is not attainable. There are selfish people everywhere who take what they are given for granted . It may start out to be as seemingly ideal, bu t eventually, a utopia will take a turn for the worse as a result of human natureRead MoreA Utopia And Dystopia By George Orwell1831 Words   |  8 Pages The concept of a utopia and dystopia is fascinating because they exist in both stories and real life and can be either based on a person’s ideals or perspective. A utopia is a situation in which the perfect ideals of a person or society are created or maintained. This situation can be real or imaginary as long as the person believes that they are equally happy. In contrast, a dystopia is a state in which an environment is extremely unfair and unjust, typically caused by oppression and dictatorshipRead MoreDystopia And Utopia In Animal Farm, By George Orwell980 Words   |  4 Pagesto attain. The story Animal Farm by George Orwell is an excellent example of why this goal is always out of reach. The animals wanted to create a better society for themselves where all are equal; nevertheless, as the story progressed, they ended up becoming the very dystopia they were trying to escape. The animals realized this at the end when â€Å"they looked from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which† (Orwell 97). How is it possible to start a societyRead MoreComparing Utopia Compared To 1984 And The Giver, By George Orwell847 Words   |  4 Pagesa book that consists of utopian beliefs and ideals, it’s fair to say that every person has thought about what it would be like to live such a way. A utopia is an imagined society where its citizens have nearly perfect qualities; everyone lives in harmony, and all actions are done for the greater good. A book similar to 1984, written by George Orwell, is The Giver which is written by Lois Lowry. Both books carry nearly the same situation throughout the reading: there’s a person or two, who does notRead MorePolitics And Politics In 1984, By George Orwell1469 Words   |  6 Pagesno such thing as keeping out of politics. All issues are political issues, and politics itself is a mass of lies, evasions, folly, hatred and schizophrenia† (Orwell, â€Å"Politics† 5). Living in the aftermath of World War II, and seeing how political inactivity gives rise to dictators like Adolf Hitler, it is no surprise that George Orwell commented on the common man’s relationship to politics. His political beliefs fed into his work, perhaps most notably the ominous 1984. The novel details a totalitarianRead MoreAnimal Farm Vs Animal Farm Essay1319 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel the Animal Farm and in the film The Truman show, both authors try to paint a picture of what utopia and a good life demonstrates through these two texts. If a good life is wanted then the animals need to work together to achieve their goal and truman needs to find out what is the real truth for him. The Truman Show and Animal Farm both try to convey what utopia would look like in our world by showing a false sense of what the world seems to be. Power and control is a huge theme in theRead MoreSimilarities Between The Truman Show And Animal Farm1219 Words   |  5 PagesWhat makes the perfect Utopia ? What is needed for a good life? These questions are so important when it comes to human’s view on power and control and how it should be used. In both stories, ‘Animal Farm’ (written by George Orwell) and ‘The Truman Show’ (directed by Peter Weir), the author and director explore these themes. Power and control, the good life, utopia. These three themes are key to living the full life. To have a utopia you must have a good life and to have a good life you must haveRead MoreAnimal Farm And The Truman Show Analysis1341 Words   |  6 Pages‘the Truman show’ George Orwell and Peter weir talk about how power, utopian societies, and the good life are relevant to the narratives. In these film/novel. In Animal Farm/ Truman show power can be used in many ways good or bad, but if you have too much of it you can use the power you have in many bad ways. The good life is demonstrated as the place where everyone works together and can achieve the ir goals in life. These novel/films have made it clear that Old Major’s, idea of utopia is a place whereRead MoreUtopia As A Dystopia1190 Words   |  5 Pagesutopian world, but it isn’t always what people think. A utopia is described as â€Å"an imaginary and indefinitely remote place; a place of ideal perfection especially in laws, government, and social conditions; an impractical scheme for social improvement† (â€Å"Utopia†). However, a dystopia is described as â€Å"an imagined state or place in which everything is unpleasant or bad, typically a totalitarian or environmentally degraded one† (â€Å"Dystopia†). George Orwell’s purpose in writing 1984 was to warn the modernRead MoreThe Impossible Utopia Essay828 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Jungwon Kim Mrs. Griffith English 10 GT 1 April, 2014 The Impossible Utopia â€Å"History consists of a series of swindles, in which he masses are first lured into revolt by the promise of utopia, and then, when they have done their job, enslaved over again by new masters† (Brander). Animal Farm, a farm with animals that are treated cruelly and dream for a better life in which animals are all equal and independent of depraved humans, is an allegory of the development of communism, even totalitarianism